Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection